A student writes: Dr Patt, In class on wednesday you were talking about DRAM chips and how the capacitors inside them stored charge. Yup. You said that they had to be refreshed often to prevent leakage. I was wondering if the contents of a location had to be refreshed even if it was holding a '0' ? Thanks, Actually, the process of refreshing is to interrogate the cell. How can you know that a zero is stored there if you don't interrogate the cell? At the end of class you were talking about a midsummer's night dream and the two famous lines from it. The line, "the world is a stage..." is actually from "As you like it". All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players: They have their exits and their entrances; As you like it Act 2, Scene7 <> Of course, he is right. Shame on me. There I go trying to show how literate I am, and falling flat on my face. The next line goes: And one man in his time plays many parts Guess I was playing the part of the "mortal" that Puck was referring to in the one line that does come from Midsummer Night's Dream. Well, maybe I will have better luck with computer architecture. Good luck with the problem set. See you on Monday. Yale Patt