A student writes: hi, i have a question. when writing to memory, is the memory updated in the state where the writing takes place? or the next state? thank you Every state change occurs at the END of the cycle. ...which means memory gets updated every cycle with garbage, until the last time the state is executed when good stuff gets latched in MDR. ...and the microsequencer moves on to the next state. Yale Patt ps. He did not sign the question, so there is no name to withhold. Hmmn. That is cause for other thought.