interrupts exceptions service routine (handler) interrupt vector exception vector consistent state power failure machine check sticky bit interrupt/exception priority level maskable medium device transducer polling interrupt driven I/O DMA I/O processor dedicated bus platter track aerial density disk head cylinder seek time rotation time disk crash disk block redundancy RAID-0 mirroring stripping RAID-1 RAID-2 RAID-3 RAID-4 RAID-5 data lines address lines control lines multiplexed bus pending bus split-transaction bus pipelined bus synchronous bus asynchronous bus handshaking arbitration central arbitration distributed arbitration priority arbitration unit (PAU) bus cycle bus master slave vertical priority horizontal priority device controller bus request bus grant daisy chaining burst mode SACK MSYNC SSYNC fundamental mode pipelining pipeline stages pipeline bubble branch misprediction penalty data dependency flow dependency anti-dependency output dependency control dependency data forwarding sequential programming model stale data in-order execution scoreboard out-of-order execution speculative execution advantages/disadvantages of condition codes branch prediction always taken/always not taken compile-time predictor run-time predictor BTFN last time predictor 2-bit saturating counter saturating arithmetic hysteresis register renaming reservation station Tomasulo's algorithm tag in-order retirement register alias table (RAT) common data bus (CDB) scheduling algorithm fire when ready data flow data flow graph nodes edges producer consumer restricted data flow vector processing vectorizable SIMD vector load vector register vector length register row-major order column-major order stride vector stride register vector chaining memory ports scalar computer reciprocal approximate Backup registers Software managed cache Loop buffers Strip mining Fixed point arithmetic 2's complement 1's complement signed-magnitude word length short integer long integer Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Shift and Add multiplier multiplicand multiplier